Top operating system (OS) in the world for system | complete versions history

Most used operating system in the world

An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware. Here are some key functions of an operating system.

The most popular operating systems (OS) in the world are

Desktop Operating Systems

Windows:

Dominates the desktop market, with Windows 10 and Windows 11 being the most widely used versions.

Windows is a family of operating systems developed by Microsoft. It was first released in 1985 as a graphical extension for MS-DOS, and it has evolved significantly over the years. Here’s an overview of key aspects of the Windows operating system:

Key Features

User Interface: Windows is known for its graphical user interface (GUI), which includes the Start menu, taskbar, and desktop environment. The interface allows users to easily navigate the system and access applications.

Multitasking: Windows supports multitasking, allowing users to run multiple applications simultaneously and switch between them seamlessly.

File Management: The operating system includes File Explorer, a tool for managing files and folders. It supports various file systems, including NTFS, FAT32, and exFAT.

Security Features: Windows includes built-in security features like Windows Defender (antivirus), User Account Control (UAC), and BitLocker (disk encryption). Regular updates help protect against vulnerabilities.

Compatibility: Windows is compatible with a wide range of software applications and hardware devices, making it a popular choice for personal computers and enterprise environments.

Networking: Windows provides networking capabilities, allowing users to connect to the internet, share files, and communicate with other computers on a network.

Versions

Over the years, Microsoft has released several versions of Windows, each with unique features and improvements:

Windows 1.0 to 3.11: Early versions that introduced the GUI and basic multitasking.

Windows 95: A significant upgrade that included the Start menu and taskbar, making it more user-friendly.

Windows XP: Released in 2001, it became one of the most popular versions due to its stability and ease of use.

Windows Vista: Launched in 2007, it introduced a new visual style but faced criticism for performance issues.

Windows 7: Released in 2009, it improved performance and user experience, quickly gaining popularity.

Windows 8 and 8.1: Introduced a new Start screen and touch-friendly interface but received mixed reviews.

Windows 10: Released in 2015, it combined elements from previous versions and introduced features like Cortana (a digital assistant) and a unified app store.

Windows 11: Announced in 2021, it features a redesigned interface, improved performance, and enhanced gaming capabilities.

macOS:

Apple's operating system for its Mac computers, known for its user-friendly interface and robust performance.

macOS is Apple's operating system designed for Mac computers. It provides a user-friendly interface and is known for its stability, security, and seamless integration with other Apple devices. Here are some key features and aspects of macOS.

macOS is the operating system developed by Apple Inc. for its line of Mac computers. Here are some key points about macOS.

Overview

First Released:

The first version, Mac OS X, was released in 2001, marking a significant transition from the classic Mac OS to a Unix-based architecture.

Latest Version:

As of October 2024, the latest version is macOS Sonoma (version 14), which was announced at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) and released in September 2023.

Key Features

User Interface:

macOS features a graphical user interface (GUI) that emphasizes ease of use. The Dock, Menu Bar, and Finder are core components of the interface.

Integration with Apple Ecosystem:

macOS works seamlessly with other Apple products, allowing features like Handoff, AirDrop, and Universal Clipboard.

Security:

macOS is known for its strong security features, including Gatekeeper (which prevents untrusted software from being installed) and FileVault (full disk encryption).

Built-in Applications:

The OS comes with a variety of pre-installed applications, such as Safari (web browser), Mail, Messages, and Photos.

Development

Programming Languages:

macOS supports various programming languages, including Swift, Objective-C, and more. Developers can create applications using Xcode, Apple's official development environment.

APIs:

Apple provides various frameworks and APIs, such as Cocoa and SwiftUI, to help developers build applications tailored for macOS.

Updates and Support

Annual Updates:

Apple typically releases major updates annually, introducing new features, enhancements, and security improvements.

Compatibility:

macOS is designed to run on Apple's hardware, ensuring optimized performance and stability. However, older hardware may not support the latest versions.

User Interface:

macOS features a clean and intuitive interface, often praised for its aesthetics and ease of use. The Dock provides quick access to applications, while the menu bar offers system controls.

System Updates:

Apple regularly releases updates to improve security, performance, and features. Users can upgrade to the latest version of macOS for free.

Built-in Applications:

macOS comes with various pre-installed applications, including Safari (web browser), Mail (email client), Photos (photo management), and iMovie (video editing).

Integration with iCloud:

macOS allows users to sync data across devices using iCloud, making it easy to access files, photos, and more from any Apple device.

Security and Privacy:

macOS includes several built-in security features, such as Gatekeeper (which helps protect against malicious software), FileVault (full-disk encryption), and a robust permission system.

Terminal and Unix-based:

macOS is built on a Unix foundation, which provides a powerful terminal for advanced users. This makes it a favorite among developers and tech enthusiasts.

Compatibility with Apps:

macOS supports a wide range of applications, from productivity tools like Microsoft Office to creative software like Adobe Creative Suite.

Accessibility Features:

macOS includes various accessibility features, making it usable for individuals with different abilities.

Regular Releases:

Apple releases major updates to macOS annually, each named after a location in California. For example, recent versions include Monterey and Ventura.

Linux:

A popular choice among developers and server environments, with distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS.

Linux is a popular open-source operating system (OS) that is widely used for a variety of applications, from personal computers to servers and embedded systems. Here are some key points about Linux.

1. Open Source

Definition: The source code of Linux is freely available, allowing anyone to view, modify, and distribute it.

Community: It has a strong community of developers who contribute to its continuous improvement.

2. Kernel

Definition: The kernel is the core part of the Linux OS, managing system resources and communication between hardware and software.

Development: The Linux kernel was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and has since undergone extensive development.

3. Distributions (Distros)

Variety: There are many Linux distributions, each with different features and intended use cases. Popular ones include:

Ubuntu: User-friendly, great for beginners.

Debian: Known for its stability and package management.

Fedora: Focuses on cutting-edge features and technologies.

CentOS: Popular in server environments, based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

Arch Linux: A lightweight, flexible distribution for advanced users.

4. File System

Structure: Linux uses a hierarchical file system. The root directory is denoted by /, and all other files and directories branch out from there.

Permissions: Linux has a robust permission system, allowing users to control access to files and directories.

5. Command Line Interface (CLI)

Shell: Linux systems often use a command-line interface (CLI) to interact with the system. Common shells include Bash and Zsh.

Powerful Tool: The CLI allows users to perform complex tasks efficiently using commands.

6. Package Management

Systems: Different distributions use various package management systems (e.g., APT for Debian/Ubuntu, RPM for Red Hat).

Software Installation: Users can easily install, update, and remove software using package managers.

7. Security

User Management: Linux is designed with a multi-user environment in mind, and user permissions are strictly enforced.

Security Features: Tools like SELinux and AppArmor enhance security by controlling access to resources.

8. Use Cases

Servers: Widely used for web servers, database servers, and application servers.

Embedded Systems: Powers many devices like routers, smart TVs, and IoT devices.

Desktop Environments: Options like GNOME, KDE, and XFCE provide user-friendly interfaces for everyday use.

9. Support and Community

Documentation: Extensive online resources, forums, and communities provide support.

Contributions: Users can contribute to development or documentation, fostering collaboration.

10. Customization

Flexibility: Users can customize nearly every aspect of their Linux system, from the desktop environment to the kernel itself.

Chrome OS:

Developed by Google, this OS is optimized for web applications and is primarily found on Chromebooks.

Chrome OS is a Linux-based operating system developed by Google, primarily designed for Chromebooks and other devices. Here are some key features and characteristics.

Lightweight and Fast: Chrome OS is designed to be fast and efficient, allowing for quick boot times and smooth operation.

Web-Centric:

The operating system is heavily focused on web applications and services. Most tasks are performed through the Chrome browser, which is the core application of the OS.

Integration with Google Services:

Chrome OS is tightly integrated with Google services, including Google Drive, Google Docs, and Gmail. This makes it ideal for users who rely on these tools for productivity.

Security Features:

Chrome OS includes several built-in security features, such as automatic updates, sandboxing of applications, and verified boot, which helps protect against malware and unauthorized access.

Support for Android Apps:

In recent versions, Chrome OS has added support for Android apps, allowing users to download and use applications from the Google Play Store.

Regular Updates:

Chrome OS is continuously updated by Google, providing users with the latest features and security enhancements without requiring manual installations.

Offline Capabilities:

While primarily web-based, many applications on Chrome OS can function offline, allowing users to continue working even without an internet connection.

Device Variety:

Chrome OS is available on a wide range of devices, including traditional laptops, tablets, and 2-in-1 devices. Manufacturers like Acer, ASUS, HP, Lenovo, and Samsung produce Chromebooks.

User-Friendly Interface:

The interface is designed to be straightforward and easy to navigate, making it accessible for users of all ages and technical skill levels.

Specialized Operating Systems

Unix:

Still widely used in enterprise environments, particularly for servers and workstations.

BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution):

Variants like FreeBSD and OpenBSD are popular in specific environments for their security and performance.

These operating systems serve various purposes, from personal computing to enterprise solutions, each catering to different user needs and preferences.